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Senin, 02 November 2015

Magic Numbers - Natural Gas Unit of Measurements
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Natural gas (NG) industry is unique in terms of its unit of measurement. Different sources use different unit that may confuse the readers who need to convert to the other units they use. SiBernas gathered nice articles on the net with regard to this issue and summarized into this article.
BTU (British Thermal Unit). It's non-standard unit of energy (SI uses Joule instead) and usually used in the US and European. One (1) BTU means amount of energy to raise one (1) pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
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Natural Gas and Its Utilization |
1 BTU = 1055 Joule
1 MMBTU = 1 X 10^6 BTU. It is commonly unit used for bought and sold NG.
1 MMBTU = 1 X 10^6 BTU. It is commonly unit used for bought and sold NG.
SCF ( Standard Cubic Feet/Ft^3). It represents volume of NG at standard pressure and temperature.
1 SCF = 1020 BTUs
1 MSCF = 1X10^3 SCF = 1.02 MMBTUs(it's often said 1 MSCF ~ 1 MMBTU)
1 MSCF = 1X10^3 SCF = 1.02 MMBTUs(it's often said 1 MSCF ~ 1 MMBTU)
BSCF/TSCF (Billion SCF/ Trillion SCF)
As we may know, NG can substitute gasoline in transportation sector. Therefore it's good to know the head to head between the two.
GGE (Gallon of Gasoline Equivalent) . This is typical unit of CNG sold in public fueling stations.
1 GGE =114000 BTUs, but1 GGE = 126.67 SCF (lower heating value/net calorific value).
Note: 1 SCF only yields 900 BTUs of usable gasoline equivalent energy.

Types of Data in Research based on Scale
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Data is an essential ingredient when we conduct a research even though we only employ descriptive analysis. Understanding the types of data therefore is necessary to improve quality of the research. There are many different types of data based on different categories such as based on (1) structure; (2) character; 3) source; (4) collection time; or (5) based measurement scale. This article extracts data based on the scale.
In general, there are four types of data called as NomOrVaRio which stands for Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. NomOrVaRio is not universally accepted but it seems widely used. Explanation for each of those is described as follows.
First, Nominal is the lowest level data because it captures very limited information i.e. IDs or identities or discrete. It differentiates one data from the rest. There is no rank among them as well as no arithmetical equation can be done (addition, subtraction, etc). Usually, we create the Ordinal data by categorization or classification. Statistically, we can count the data as well as find the mode of the data-set. Examples of this data are:
(1) Group of female as 1 and male as 2. We cannot say 2 is better than 1.
(2) Identification for Golkar Party is 1, PDIP Party is 2, etc.
Second, Ordinal has attribute more advance than Nominal because Ordinal data shows a rank (or level) between the data even though it cannot be used in a mathematics expression. Similarly, we create the Ordinal data by categorization or classification. Few examples are:
(1) We set 1 as elementary school, 2 as junior high school, and 3 as senior high school. Therefore we can conclude that 2 is higher than 1.
(2) Customer satisfaction is identified using 1 for very satisfied, 2 for somewhat satisfied, and 3 dissatisfied.
Third, Interval has more characteristics than the previous data. It shows an interval or distance between one data and the others. There is no classification or categorization. Using Interval we can calculate arithmetical equation (addition and subtraction). However, there is no 'true (absolute) zero'. Examples of this type are temperature, IQ scores, test scores. Here is an example.
(1) Test performances are shown as E for 1, D for 2, C for 3, B for 4, and A for 5. therefore we may say that B people has 2 level better than D (4-2=2), but we cannot B is twice as good as D.
Fourth, Ratio is the highest level of data because it has all of characteristics owned by the other data types. It has 'true zero' therefore we can set all mathematics expressions using the data.
(1) Weight of babies A, B, and C are 4 kg,3 kg, and 2 kg respectively. It can be concluded that ratio of baby A and C is 2 (4/2=2).
In general, there are four types of data called as NomOrVaRio which stands for Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio. NomOrVaRio is not universally accepted but it seems widely used. Explanation for each of those is described as follows.
First, Nominal is the lowest level data because it captures very limited information i.e. IDs or identities or discrete. It differentiates one data from the rest. There is no rank among them as well as no arithmetical equation can be done (addition, subtraction, etc). Usually, we create the Ordinal data by categorization or classification. Statistically, we can count the data as well as find the mode of the data-set. Examples of this data are:
(1) Group of female as 1 and male as 2. We cannot say 2 is better than 1.
(2) Identification for Golkar Party is 1, PDIP Party is 2, etc.
Second, Ordinal has attribute more advance than Nominal because Ordinal data shows a rank (or level) between the data even though it cannot be used in a mathematics expression. Similarly, we create the Ordinal data by categorization or classification. Few examples are:
(1) We set 1 as elementary school, 2 as junior high school, and 3 as senior high school. Therefore we can conclude that 2 is higher than 1.
(2) Customer satisfaction is identified using 1 for very satisfied, 2 for somewhat satisfied, and 3 dissatisfied.
Third, Interval has more characteristics than the previous data. It shows an interval or distance between one data and the others. There is no classification or categorization. Using Interval we can calculate arithmetical equation (addition and subtraction). However, there is no 'true (absolute) zero'. Examples of this type are temperature, IQ scores, test scores. Here is an example.
(1) Test performances are shown as E for 1, D for 2, C for 3, B for 4, and A for 5. therefore we may say that B people has 2 level better than D (4-2=2), but we cannot B is twice as good as D.
Fourth, Ratio is the highest level of data because it has all of characteristics owned by the other data types. It has 'true zero' therefore we can set all mathematics expressions using the data.
(1) Weight of babies A, B, and C are 4 kg,3 kg, and 2 kg respectively. It can be concluded that ratio of baby A and C is 2 (4/2=2).
Sabtu, 11 April 2015

Ketenagalistrikan Nasional 2014
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Kondisi Saat Ini
- Hingga akhir 2014 menunjukkan total kapasitas terpasang pembangkit 53.585 MW: (1) PLN sebesar 37.280 MW (70%), (2) Independent Power Producer (IPP) sebesar 10.995 MW (20%), (3) Public Private Utility (PPU) sebesar 2.634 MW(5%), (4) Izin Operasi Non BBM (IO) sebesar2.677 MW (5%).
- Konsumsi tenaga listrik rata-rata 199 TWh sedangkan produksi tenaga listriknya 228 TWh (hanya PLN dan IPP).
- Rasio elektrifikasi nasional tercatat sebesar 84,35 persen.
- Pemakaian listrik pergolongan terbesar untuk golongan rumah tangga yaitu sebesar 43%, disusul kemudian dengan industri sebesar 33%, bisnis 18% dan terakhir 6% publik.
- Kondisi Kelistrikan Awal Maret 2015, total sistem kelistrikan di Indonesia terdapat 22 sistem, dengan perincian, enam dalam kondisi normal (cadangan >20 persen), 11 siaga (cadangan <1 unit terbesar) dan 5 defisit (pemadaman sebagian).
- Bauran energi mix untuk pengadaan tenaga listrik. Batubara 52%, Gas 24%, BBM 11,7%, air 6,4%, panas bumi 4,4% dan energi lainnya sebesar 0,4%.
Rencana ke Depan
- Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan listrik masyarakat yang terus tumbuh, Pemerintah sedang mengupayakan penambahan kapasitas listrik sebesar 7.000 MW per tahun atau 35.000 MW dalam 5 tahun.
- Menurut zona, Sumatera direncanakan sebesar 8,75 GW, Kalimantan 1,87 GW, Sulawesi 2,70 GW, Jawa-Bali 20,91 GW, Nusa Tenggara 0,70 GW, Maluku 0,28 GW dan Papua 0,34 GW.
- Akan dibangun pula jaringan transmisi total diseluruh Indonesia sepanjang 46.597 kms yang terdiri dari: (1) 2.689 kms untuk 70 kV; (2) 33.562 kms untuk jaringan 150 kV; (3)5.262 kms untuk 275 kV; (4) 3.541 kms untuk 500 kV; dan (5) 1.543 kms untuk jaringan 500 kvDC.
Rabu, 08 April 2015

Kompleks Pembangkitan Paiton
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Untuk kali ini, SIBernas sharing informasi energi terutama mengenai proyek-proyek pembangkit listrik. Sharing kali ini mengenai Komplek Pembangkitan Paiton.
1. Komplek Paiton
1. Komplek Paiton
- Komplek pembangkitan Paiton (Komplek Paiton) yang terletak di Kabupaten Probolinggo, Jawa Timur merupakan komplek pembangkitan terbesar di Indonesia dengan total kapasitas sekitar 4.725 MW atau sekitar ±16% dari total kapasitas pembangkit di Jawa-Bali yang mencapai sekitar 29.231 MW. RIncian pembangkit yang berada di komplek Paiton dirinci dalam Tabel 1 sedangkan layout dari Komplek Paiton digambarkan dalam Gambar 1.
Tabel 1. Pembangkit di Komplek Paiton
No. | Nama Pembangkit | Tahun Operasi | Pemilik | Jenis | Bahan Bakar | Kap. (MW) |
1. | Paiton #1,2 | 1993 | PT. Pembangkitan Jawa-Bali (PJB) (PLN) | PLTU- Conventional | Batubara | 2x400 (800) |
2. | 18 Maret 2012 | Paiton Energy Company (PEC) | PLTU-Supercritical | Batubara | 1x815 | |
3. | Paiton #5,6 | - | Jawa Power (JP) | PLTU- Conventional | Batubara | 2x610 (1220) |
4. | Paiton #7,8 | 1999 | PEC | PLTU- Conventional | Batubara | 2x615 (1230) |
5. | Paiton #9 (PLTU Jatim 2, Paiton Baru/ FTP2) | 2012 | PJB (PLN) | PLTU- Conventional | Batubara | 1x660 |
Total | 4725 |
Gambar 1. Layout Komplek Paiton (II.A.10/AK: 0.1)
Layout Komplek Pembangkitan Paiton |
2. Paiton Energy Company (PEC)
- PT. Paiton Energy Company (PEC) adalah salah satu perusahaan pembangkit listrik swasta (independent power producer/IPP). PEC dimiliki oleh International Power (40,5%), Mitsui (40,5%), Tokyo Electric Power Company/TEPCO (14%), dan PT. Batu Hitam Perkasa (5%) sebagaimana dalam Gambar 2 berikut.
Gambar 2. Shareholders PEC |
- PEC saat ini mengoperasikan tiga (3) unit pembangkit yang berada di komplek Paiton dengan total kapasitas mencapai 2,045 MW atau sekitar 43% dari total kapasitas pembangkitan di komplek tersebut (terbesar) atau sekitar 7% dari total kapasitas pembangkit di Jawa-Bali. Ketiga unit pembangkit dimaksud dapat diuraikan dalam Tabel 2 berikut.
Tabel 2. Pembangkit-Pembangkit PT. PEC
Keterangan | Unit 7 dan Unit 8 | Unit 3 |
Kapasitas (MW) | 2x615 | 1x815 |
Tahun Operasi | 1999 | 2012 |
Teknologi | Konvensional | Supercritical |
Off-taker | PT. PLN | |
PPA | 40 tahun | 30 tahun |
Harga Jual Listrik | USD 3,53/kWh | USD 4,3/kWh |
Nilai investasi | -NA- | USD 1,5 miliar |
3. Sekilas PLTU Paiton Unit 3
- PLTU Unit 3 1x815 MW mempunyai arti yang sangat penting, tercatat pembangkit ini merupakan pembangkit super-critical yang pertama di Indonesia dan merupakan yang terbesar di grid Jawa-Bali.
- Dalam pelaksanaannya, ada beberapa hal penting yang perlu diketahui sebagai berikut: (1) Dari total investasi sebesar USD 1,5 miliar, 80% dari biaya tersebut atau sebesar US$ 1,2 miliar diperoleh dari pinjaman JBIC (sebesar 60%) dan dari berbagai Bank komersial Internasional (40%); (2) Pemilihan pengembang untuk Pembangkit PLTU Paiton 3 dilakukan melalui mekanisme pemilihan langsung antara PT. Jawa Power dan PT. Paiton Energi dengan pertimbangan bahwa PLTU Paiton 3 akan menggunakan beberapa fasilitas yang sama (common facilities) dengan PLTU yang dimiliki oleh kedua pengembang tersebut. Mekanisme tersebut sempat dianggap melanggar prinsip persaingan usaha yang sehat oleh Komisi Persaingan Usaha (KPPU), namun kemudian dapat dimengerti oleh Komisi.
Selasa, 07 April 2015

Magic Numbers - LNG & CNG
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LNG
(1) −162°C (−260°F) of cooling temperature.
(2) 25kPa (4psi) of transport pressure.
(3) 1/600 of gaseous state volume.(4) 2.4 times of CNG Volume
(5) 60% greater volume than that of diesel fuel.
(6) 70% greater volume than that of gasoline.
(7)$400/TPA: construction cost in 2004.
(8) $1,000/TPA: construction cost in 2008.
CNG
(1) 1% of its atmospheric volume.
(2) 20–25MPa (2,900–3,600psi): stored/ distributed temperature.
(3) 42% of LNG volume
(4) 25% of diesel fuel volume.
Senin, 06 April 2015

Facts - Indonesia Oil and Gas Industry
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Oil and Gas Reserves |
Oil and Gas Production |
Oil Refinery Capacity |
Oil refineries produce only 40 percent of total fuel consumption. Existing refineries are aging and not efficient. National refineries produce only 1,067.10 thousand barrels per day off total installed capacity 1,167.10 thousand barrels per day.
Given increasing economic growth as well as urbanization, fuel oil consumption is in a steady increase. Consumption increased from 56.3 million KL in 2000 to 71.3 million KL in 2013 (26.7 percent).
Fuel Imports |
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LNG Plants |
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City Gas Coverage |
Government has promoted natural gas consumption for domestic. One of the priority program is developing city gas particularly in areas that have been covered by existing transmission and distribution services. City gas program was launched in 2009 and by 2013 around 70 thousand households are already covered.
Sabtu, 04 April 2015

Facts - Indonesian Geothermal
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Indonesia has great potential of geothermal accounted for around 28,617 MWe, unfortunately geothermal utilization for energy is still limited. This page intends to share information about Indonesia geothermal energy development in the past as well as for the future. 

Based on official data produced by Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia has huge geothermal potential accounted for 28.617 MWe consisted of 46 percent resources and 54.4 percent reserves.
Indonesia Geothermal Potential |
Based on Energy Management Blueprint, by 2025 it is expected around 9,500 MW geothermal powerplant (GeoPP) will be built.
Geothermal Development Roadmap |
There 58 geothermal working areas (GWAs) have been awarded for development.
58 GWAs |
The GWAs can be grouped into two categories, existing GWAs (awarded before 2003) and new GWAs (after 2003). Almost all existing GWAs are owned by PT PERTAMINA (15 GWAs).
GWAs Owned by PT PERTAMINA |
*PT PERTAMINA has been transferred 2 GWAs (Kotamobagu dan Bedugul) to government, Two companies, PT PLN and Yala Teknosa Geothermal are also owned three existing GWA.
In 2004, total installed geothermal power plant capacity was only 807 GW but then increased slowly to 1,189 in 2009 and 1,403.5 GW in 2014.
Installed Capacity 2004 |
GeoPP Installed Capacity 2009 |
Latest figure shows an 214,5 MW increase from 2009 to 2014.The biggest additional capacity came from Ulubelu GeoPP 2x55 MW in 2015 and Patuha GeoPP 1x55 MW in 2014. |
GeoPP Installed Capacity 2014 |
In the medium development plan 2015-2019, it is expected that GeoPP will be up to 3,194.5 GW by 2019.
Planned Installed Capacity by 2019 |
Internet and reports
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