Lagi browsing ketemu artikel yang menarik mengenai konsep unbundling dan pemanfaatan bersama (open access) terutama terkait dengan penyediaan energi dan listrik..

1. Negotiated Access, suatu Badan usaha secara sukarela membagi pemanfaatan fasilitas dengan pihak lain melalui skema business to business berdasarkan perjanjian, tanpa ada regulasi yang mewajibkan pemilik fasilitas untuk membagi pemanfaatan dengan badan usaha lain. Jadi, dalam skema ini pemilik fasilitas mempunyai hak untuk memutuskan akan membagi/tidak pemanfaatan fasiltas miliknya kepada pihak lain dan tidak ada sanksi jika tidak melakukannya.
2. Third-party Access, dimana terdapat regulasi yang mewajibkan badan usaha pemilik fasilitas pengangkutan untuk membagi pemanfaatan bersama pihak lain; apabila masih ada kapasitas lebih yang dapat digunakan oleh pihak lain. Dengan kata lain, pemanfaatan bersama dibatasi oleh besarnya kapasitas fasilitas yang masih tersedia. Pemanfaatan bersama bisa dilakukan jika sudah ada persetujuan dari pemilik fasilitas, pengguna dan regulator.
3. Open access, fasilitas yang dibangun oleh suatu Badan Usaha dimanfatkan bersama dengan prinsip first come first serve. Regulasi mewajibkan pemilik fasilitas pengangkutan membagi pemanfaatan fasilitas selama masih dalam batas maksimum kapasitas. Skema ini sekaligus memisahkan antara pengelola fasilitas (Transponder) dan pengguna (Shipper).
4. Common Carriage, fasilitas pipa diwajibkan untuk dapat diakses seluruh pengguna tanpa batasan kapasitas. Dasar penggunaan melalui penyesuaian alokasi kapasitas pengguna,jadi prinsip dalah semua harus dapat menggunakan melalui penyesuaian kapasitas. Dengan kata lain, siapapun pengguna yang memenuhi syarat berhak mendapatkan akses untuk menggunakan fasilitas dengan konsekuensi mengurangi alokasi penggunaan fasilitas oleh pihak lain.

1. Account unbundling: keuangan dari kegiatan infrastruktur harus terpisah dari keuangan kegiatan suplai
2. Functional unbundling: keuangan maupun manajemen kegiatan infrastruktur harus dipisah dari kegiatan suplai
3. Legal Unbundling: kegiatan infrastruktur dan kegiatan suplai masing-masing berada dibawah bendera entitas legal yang berbeda. Namun, masih dapat berada dalam struktur perusahaan induk, sehingga perusahaan induk masih memiliki kepemilikan.
4. Ownership Unbundling: kegiatan infrastruktur dan kegiatan suplai harus dilakukan dan dimiliki oleh entitas yang berbeda dan masing-masing entitas ini tidak boleh mempunyai kepemilikan di dalam sekaligus kedua aktivitas tersebut. 

1. Alternative local transport carrier (ALT): Smaller local landline company that provided bypass of the ILEC network. These companies later became known as CLECs.
2. Code division multiple access (CDMA): A 2G wireless standard that uses complex algorithms to compress the digital signal.
3. Competitive access provider (CAP): Smaller local landline company that provided bypass of the ILEC network. These companies later became known as CLECs.
4. Competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC): Smaller, upstart company that competes with ILECs for local landline voice customers.
5. Central Office (CO):
6. Customer Premises Equipment (CPE):
7. Carrier Common Line (CCL): Local exchange carriers may recover a per-minute carrier common line charge from interexchange carriers, collected on originating access minutes.
8. Digital subscriber line (DSL): A broadband Internet access service provided by LECs.
9. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS): Wireless video providers such as DirecTV and Dish Network that compete with cable TV companies.
10. Evolution data optimized (or only) (EvDO): A third generation wireless standard that enables broadband data speeds on wireless networks.
11. Federal Communications Commission (FCC): The federal agency created by the Communication Act of 1934, which regulates interstate telecommunications.
12. Fiber to the premises (FTTP): The use of fiber optic cable directly to the home that replaces copper or coaxial cable.
13. Incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC): Traditionally regulated monopoly providers of local voice landline services.
14. Independent Local Exchange Carrier (Independent LEC). Independent local exchange carriers are local exchange carriers, including GTE, other than the BOCs.
15. Internet protocol television (IPTV): Delivers video (television) programming to homes using Internet protocols.
16. Internet service provider (ISP): Company that provides Internet access to end users.
17. Inter Carrier Compensation (ICC):
18. Inter Exchange Carrier (IXC):
19. Local Exchange Carrier (LEC): The term local exchange carrier means any person that is engaged in the provision of telephone exchange service or exchange access. 
20. Multiple system operators (MSO): Cable TV companies that provide video programming via many different local systems.
21. National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC): Umbrella organization representing state and federal regulatory commissions.
22. Non Traffic Sensitive (NTS) Cost:
23. Presubscribed interexchange carrier charge (PICC): New charge as a result of TA96 instituted by the FCC to lower switched access fees. Charged by local companies to long-distance companies.
24. Public switched telephone network (PSTN): The traditional voice network operated by ILECs and long distance voice companies.
25. Point of Presence (POP):
26. Regional Bell operating company (RBOC): Any of seven local telephone companies created from the divestiture of AT&T in 1984.
27. Subscriber line charge (SLC): Per-line prices charged to end users that started around the time of divestiture.
28. Telecommunications Act of 1996 (TA96): The most recent, wide-ranging telecommunication law; technically, a rewrite of the Communications Act of 1934.
29. Third generation (3G): Wireless network standards that provide faster data transmission and include UMTS and WCDMA.
30. Time division multiple access (TDMA): A 2G wireless network standard that uses time-slicing techniques.
31. Traffic Sensitive (TS) Cost
32. Universal mobile telephone service (UMTS): A 3G wireless standard also known as WCDMA.
33. Unbundled Network Element (UNE):
34. Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP): Using Internet protocols to transmit voice conversations over data networks.
35. Wireless fidelity (WiFi): The popular name given to 802.11 standards for transmitting data wirelessly.
36. Wireless Internet service provider (WISP): Company that provides Internet access to end users using wireless technology, usually over an unlicensed spectrum.
37. Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX): A newer wireless standard that allows higher speed and longer ranges than WiFi.

On August 22, 2012, the federal communications commission (FCC) released report and order regarding special access for local exchange carriers. In that document, the FCC suspend, on an interim basis, the rules regarding grants of pricing flexibility for special access services which adopted in 1999 because of unpredictable results and also failure in supporting competition in today’s special access markets.

Let's talk about what is special access.

Special access service  (also called dedicated service) is a service that provides dedicated high capacity connections to deliver data usually from one point to another therefore it is also called as point-to-point communication. This service is not switched circuit, it provides no dial tone, and cannot respond to a dialed telephone number. Special access connects customers/end users to a central office in order to be connected to another network or passed to another central office.

In the past, dedicated service was used particularly related to long distance call (LDC). This service connects an end user to point of presence (POP) an interexchange carrier (IXC). Technological progresses and demand growth has changed special access usages. Currently, special access links between end user locations, end user and competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) networks, also end users and internet service providers (ISPs).

Nowadays it continues to play a critical role in the economy. Many activities highly rely on this type of service especially for businesses including banks and financial companies, schools and libraries, government institutions, and also wireless service providers. Business entities use special access to connect and provide communication among their branches, access to the internet, and including the automatic teller machines (ATM).

Schools, libraries, and government agencies depend on this access to connect to the internet. In addition, wireless service providers employ this connection to link cell towers to their wireline backbone networks (so called wireless backhaul).

We then might know that special access leaves big problems.